So, it is always better to remove the gum content of ramie fibre before going for the processing of the fibre. The bast of ramie cannot be removed from the woody tissue in which it is embedded by a simple retting process such as is used for flax, hemp and jute. Long staple fibres can be used for spinning, where as short fibres are using for the manufacture of papers, composites, non woven and other products39,40. It is having a moisture regain of around 12%. Ramie is one of the oldest textile fibers. Harvesting and Threshing. They may be used in this form for coarse products, but if ramie is to be spun into yarns suitable for fine fabrics, the first process in the mill is to degum the ribbons. A number of small machines have been designed in various countries with the objective of extracting bast fibre from the green stems of jute and similar fibre plants and thus eliminating the need of retting. 6. Processing of Ramie Fiber with Enzymes for Nonwovens KEYWORDS : Ramie fiber, Hemicellu-lase, Pectinase, Cellulase, Needle punch, Nonwoven In China elsewhere in the far East, ramie is used for a number of purposes such as clothing, table-cloths, handkerchiefs, etc. The ramie fiber (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud, Boehmeria nivea var. Still in present scenario, there is much scope for research and development on this valuable fibre. China holds the monopoly in both production and exporting of ramie. The density of fibre ranges from 1.50-1.55. The fibre possesses some very valuable properties because of its silky, luster, unparallel strength, durability and its suitability to blend with all other natural and manmade fibres. After three passages of successive drawing, the sliver was processed through jute roving machine and finally spun in to a yarn of 84 tex. Ramie fibre is easily identified by its coarseness, thick walls, lacks twist and has striated surfaces25. Ramie is commonly known as china grass, green ramie or rhea. The retting process of ramie involves lots of chemicals and is labor-intensive. The ultimate fibers are exceptionally long and are claimed to be the longest of vegetable origin, with one report claiming the fibers range up to 580 mm, averaging about 125 mm. The blended yarns have good scope in the areas like home furnishing, upholstery and industrial fabrics. It is stiff and brittle and it breaks when repeatedly folded in the same place. Degumming is still treated as trade secret by the mills that have perfected this art. Unlike other bast crops, ramie requires chemical processing to de-gum the fiber. Degumming is not really a chemical problem but a technological one and good degumming requires good chemicals, good fibre free of extraneous materials and spinning technology and in addition a ‘touch’, which can only be acquired after long experience41. Ramie is one of the oldest fiber crops, having been used for at least 6,000 years, and is principally used for fabric production. Prolonged treatment with strong alkali and strong acids causes loss in strength of the fibre and also hydrolysis of cellulose. Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) is a wonderful fiber-producing plant species, but it has not received adequate care and attention from researchers.Ramie fiber is considered the longest, strongest and most durable of all known plant fibers. This long fibre is spun separately. The mechanical properties of plant fibres largely depend on the amount of cellulose, which is closely associated with the degree of crystallinity and the crystallite orientation of the fibre with respect to the main fibre axis24. Hand and eye method and instrumental method. Ramie is similar to linen fiber. Currently National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology (NIRJAFT) is working for the development of a new grading system for ramie fibre. Awareness programs like exhibitions, seminars, training, etc., may encourage the farmers to grow ramie in vast areas. 1 In China, ramie is planted as a key cash crop The extracted fibres contain approximately 25-30% gum12. In Ramie Research Station, a regional station of Central Research Institute on Jute and Allied Fibres at Sarbhog, Assam, a collection of 55 ramie germplasms are maintained. The best cleaned ribbons on arrival in the mill contain at least 10-15% of gummy matter, whereas the poorer qualities contain 20-30% and this must be extracted. Generally caustic soda is used for degumming process. The ribbons of partially separated but not yet degummed fibre, are known as "China grass" and it is in this form that ramie is normally exported from China to European and other markets. Ramie is a so-called bast fiber, like flax, jute, and hemp. The high potentiality of Ramie is not much exploited in counties, other than china. The fibre yield and area of cultivation is shown in the Fig. If the stems are allowed to become too mature, lignification takes place. Normally, about 60% of the total weight of the degummed material will be long fibre. The inherent draw backs of ramie fibre can be overcome by proper blending with natural/synthetic fibres. The FTIR spectrum of raw ramie fibre is shown in Fig. It is also made into fabrics for household furnishings and clothing, frequently in … Acid hydrolysis of native ramie cellulose fibre leads to aqueous suspensions of elongated nano crystals with high aspect ratio. 9. Harvesting is done either by manually or by using mechanical harvesters. Ramie has been used as a textile fibre in China and Southern Asia for centuries and it is said to have been known in ancient Egypt. The separated cells of ramie, known as "filasse" although white and clean, are still somewhat harsh and dry. Fabrics made from ramie fibre are comfortable to wear and looks like linen. The total lifespan of the crop ranges from 6-20 years4. The right time for harvesting is judged by the colour of the stems and the slowing down of their growth. Another difficulty with the crop is its very low production by itself. The yield of ribbons varies between 2-4% of the weight of the green plant and yield of degummed fibre is normally about one percent of the weight of the green plants. Ramie fibre comes under bast fibre category, which can be classified as underutilised fibres. Ramie is most often blended with other fibres for its unique strength, absorbency, lustre and dye affinity. --- "Revision of, and supersedes Miscellaneous circular no. Anhydrous liquid ammonia was used as a solvent for the cationic modification of ramie fiber using 2, 3-epoxypropytrimethylammonium chloride (EPTAC). Here, I have written about the properties of ramie fibers. Cellulose is a polysaccharide (i.e., a polymeric sugar) which can be represented by a simple formula (C6H10O5)n. The chemical composition of ramie fibre is as shown in Table 1. Ramie is an important fiber crop used in textile processing. Because of this variable length, before the fibre is subjected to spinning process, it is cut in to uniform size. The market prize of ramie fibre is determined by grading system. Rajna and 1P. Cortexes removed mechanically or manually in a process, so-called decorti-cations. Weight loss (%) ramie fibre subjected to heating in varied temperature, indicating nature of thermal decomposition, https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajt.2017.1.9, FAO statistics, 2013, (a) Fiber yield hg ha, Varieties of ramie, white ramie and green ramie, SEM photograph of (a) Decorticated (b) Combined degummed and bleached ramie fibre, Chemical composition of bast fibres by percentage mass, Mechanical methods of extracting the fibre from the stalks and, particularly, for subsequent degumming of the strands are still in an experimental stage, Although flax, cotton and silk machinery have been utilized for processing, ramie is best prepared on machinery constructed primarily for the purpose, Surface of the fibres is very smooth and difficulty is encountered in making the strands interlock when spinning fine counts of yarns, so that ramie fabrics have a tendency to be uneven. In some of the reported works32,35, blending of 10-15% raw or ramie partially degummed ramie with jute helps to spin good quality yarns of finer count in the range of 100-105 tex. The bast of ramie cannot be removed from the woody tissue in which it is embedded by a simple retting process such as is used for flax, hemp and jute. For proper extraction of fibre, efficient decorticating machines or decorticators are needed to be made available to the growers at reasonable price. Form the table 1 it is observed that the cellulosic content in ramie is much more than other bast fibre like Jute and Hemp. The greater utilization of ramie depends upon the development of improved processing methods. 4 and 5. Among nature fibres, cotton occupied supreme position in both production and consumption. (Brittain Bragunier), KW - AgSpace KW - crop yield KW - economic outlook and situation KW - Fiber … Mar 13, 2018 - Explore Bansky Bernadett's board "Ramie- Fiber" on Pinterest. It is highly crystalline fibre. The tenacity, wet strength, extensibility are increases. Apart from that, ramie also find application in sacks, carpets, reinforced polymers, twine, handicrafts, paper, cordage, gas mantles, fishing nets and marine packaging. These discrepancies can be partly attributed to the effects of source of supply, method of processing, the test conditions, temperature and humidity, on the fiber strength. But it is only in comparatively modern times that the production of ramie fabric has become established on a commercial scale. A manufacturer can place an order for as much as, say, one million lb on the spot for cotton. In ramie crop, return comes mainly from the second year onwards. In spite of the undoubtedly good properties of ramie fibre, the wide occurrence of the plant and the enormous amount of publicity which has been given to the subject from time, the fibre has not so far been developed or used on any large scale outside of China and Japan. Today some of the fashion designers are showing much interest in ramie fabric due to its unique properties. Ramie fiber is one of the premium vegetable fibers. Table 2 shows weight loss percentage of ramie fibre subjected to heating in varied temperature, indicating nature of thermal decomposition. The decorticated fibres are cooked in vessels with 1-2% of caustic soda under pressure for 1 h. A slight mistake in the degumming process can spoil the quality of fibre, since the major component in ramie is cellulose and is sensitive to alkali. Earlier so many countries tried to cultivate ramie, some of them withdrawn the cultivation due to some inevitable situations. Before spinning, the fibres are sorted into three lengths, i.e., long, medium and short. 9, it is inferred that, the thermal decomposition of ramie fibre was minimum up to 275°C. The stems are green until they are mature, but then they begin to turn brown, starting at the bottom. Ramie is a fiber crop originating from China that has great ability to tolerate and accumulate HMs. The tensile strength varies from 400-1600 MPa. The most significant factors involved in ramie degumming are the concentration of the chemicals, temperature, time and the methods employed to ensure that the degumming liquor penetrates to all parts of the ribbons. An Overview, Microbial Lipases and Their Industrial Applications: Review, Study on the Physical Properties of Blended Rotor Spun Yarn, https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajt.2017.1.9. It is almost 6 times stronger than cotton, 2 times that of flax and almost equals silk in its lustre. Properties of Ramie Fibers: The properties of ramie fibers are given below: Ramie is a cellulosic natural fiber. Apart from textile uses, ramie fibre can be utilised for the production of various diversified products. Methods of spinning ramie may vary, in different countries and mills and are determined to a large extent by the type of spinning system available in a particular mill. Use of decorticators in the field saves the cost of transporting unwanted plant material to soil10. In another work36, degummed ramie fibre of cut staple length 20 cm was processed in flax carding system and subsequently blended with jute fibre during drawing stage. It is one of the strongest fiber then others. The greater utilization of ramie depends upon the development of improved processing methods. Bast fibres, like linen and flax are obtained from the phloem, or inner bark (or skin) of a plant. After degumming the cellulose content of the fibres are raised above 95%. After harvesting, if the ribbons are not to be stripped from the stalks right away and the fibre extracted, the cut stems or ribbons should be dried as soon as possible, to prevent bacterial attack. The prepared polymer composite has the lowest porosity, homogeneous surface structure, and the greatest interface bonding. Attempts have been made by various researchers to spin ramie in blends with jute, silk, viscose and polyester fibres using jute and woollen spinning systems32-34. Chemical processing is required for processing ramie. On the other hand, growers of ramie are not likely to produce large quantities of the fibre-unless they have a reasonable assurance that there would be a large demand for it. Ramie is used to make such products as industrial sewing thread, packing materials, fishing nets, and filter cloths. Strong band at 1026 cm–1, assigned to C–O stretching in cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin or C–O–C stretching in cellulose and hemicelluloses30. --- "Contribution from Bureau of Plant Industry." Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) is a perennial crop valued for its strong bast fibers. Still considerable research works are going on the application of ramie fibres in new areas like composites are the promises for tomorrow’s technology, which shows a clear indication towards the prosperity of the fibre in the coming future. Now, the main problem of decorticating machine is, availability and that too at reasonable or affordable price by farmers. N1 - Caption title. It is essential to remove the excess of alkali by acetic acid treatment after chemical degumming, otherwise the fibre strength will be reduced. Decorticators developed for ramie include small mobile types suitable for use in the field and larger machines designed for central operation. During grading, the following parameters are to be checked. However, other reports claim that the tensile strengths of cotton, flax, hemp and ramie are similar. However, profitable growing for fibre purpose is based on the principle of as many cutting a year as possible and to produce the best results the plants requires a favourable climate with steady high temperature, a humid atmosphere and a well-distributed annual rainfall of not less than 1.125 mm. Generally two methods of grading are adopted. In principle, any machine which is used for sisal or kenaf decortications can be adjusted for ramie. Still in present scenario, there is much scope for research and development on this valuable fibre. Ramiè (the ramia) is an ancient natural fiber of vegetable origin derived from horticultural plants, the complex processing of the textile fiber makes ramie very rare in fashion, where we can highlight its use mainly in small tailoring companies. It is harvested and processed to yield strong fibers of the same name, which are used in the production of textiles, twine, upholstery, filters, and sacking.Like flax, jute, and hemp, ramie is considered a bast fiber crop, meaning that the usable portion of the plant is found in its connective tissue structures. Production of Ramie Fibre-Ramie (Boehmeria nivea), commonly known as China grass, white ramie, green ramie and rhea, is one of the group referred to as the bast fiber crops. They are not only using for making clothing, but also finds other diversified applications. OPEN ACCESS Asian Journal of Textile ISSN 1819-3358 DOI: 10.3923/ajt.2017.1.9 Review Article Ramie Fibre Processing and Value Addition 1Seiko Jose, 2S. The adaptation of the plant to soil is another retarding factor. In India, national level institutes like National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology (NIRJAFT), Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (CRIJAF) are working to innovate ramie fibre in the front line. Firstly, process ramie fibers by the lattice distortion modification processing equipment. On gum removal, the crystallites increase in width but deteriorate with regard to their alignment along the fibre axis21. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND FIBRE PROPERTIES. Ramie is a premium plant fibre with several useful characteristics and improvements in processing methods may well result in ramie becoming a … In the current scenario, the textile industries are not showing much interest in the processing of ramie due to the difficulties associated with degumming and unsteady supply of fibre in the market. 2 and 3. The technical difficulties may be summarized as: Apart from any economic or technical reasons, the development of any new fibre needs market development work of some kind. The use of ramie is limited by its price and spinning properties. Kenaf Ramie Fiber Processing Machinery Hemp Flax Decorticator And Raspador , Find Complete Details about Kenaf Ramie Fiber Processing Machinery Hemp Flax Decorticator And Raspador,Pineapple Fiber Decorticating Machine,Hemp,Kenaf Fiber from Shellers Supplier or Manufacturer-Zhengzhou Alpha Machinery Co., Ltd. The gums of ramie are composed of araban and xylans which are insoluble in water but easily soluble in alkaline solutions. This machine is using to peeling the kinds of fibre from kind of ramie (ramee), jute, kenaf (ambary), hemp, etc. Harvesting: The stems are green until they are mature, but then they begin to turn brown, starting at the bottom. Natural fibres are gaining importance day by day in all over the world. Bast fibers are fibers from cellulose in the stalks of plants. Again, from dielectric behaviour … The stems of ramie grow to a height of 1 - … See more ideas about fiber, plant fibres, natural fibers. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CURRENT SCENARIO. Ramie is still not used much by the textile industry largely because it is a high cost fibre due to its complex processing requirements. The photograph of ramie plant is shown in Fig. The extracted fibrous material, after washing, should be immediately dried or degummed to prevent the development of mildew. Either the fibre is imperfectly cleaned so that it can only be put to use for limited local purposes, or the output is much too low, or there too much wastage of fibre during the process of decortications11. It was used in mummy cloths in Egypt during the period 5000-3300 BC and has been grown in China for many centuries. Ramie is also suitable for blending with both natural and synthetic fibres in different proportions. preliminary processing of ramie: fibre extraction The fibre is derived from the inner bast tissues of the stem. In Japan, ramie is used for canvas, suit-cloth, mat-edge, cloth and a large number of other purposes7. Unlike other bast crops, ramie requires chemical processing to de-gum the fiber. Ramie is one of the strongest fibers. 1a). It acts as an inhibitor for water and other chemicals to enter inside the fibre. In order that the fiber may lend itself more readily to the subsequent manufacturing operations, it is usually treated with an oily preparation composed in most cases of water, glycerine, wax and soap, when it is thoroughly softened, ramie is ready for processing22. Includes bibliographical references Addeddate As a result of degumming, the gummy matter will be removed and the fibre weight reduces by 22-25%. Ramie is widely cultivated not only in China, Japan, India and Malaya, but also in Queensland, Mauritius, the Cameroons, the West Indies, Brazil, Mexico and the southern states of North America, South Europe. It possesses highest strength and length, good durability and absorbency with excellent lustre. These characteristics make it suitable for use in the manufacture of wide variety of textiles and value added products5,6. Ramie fibre is extracted through decorticator machine. Most of the ramie fibre extracted is used in producing countries and only a small percentage reaches international markets. During eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, ramie cultivation became established in many areas of the western world. Planters harvest ramie approximately every 60days by cutting mature bast and protect roots. Ramie was one of the principal plant fibres used in the orient for making cloth before the introduction of cotton, which took place in China about 1300 AD1. White ramie and green ramie as shown in Fig. Abstract. The SEM images showing the effect of combined degumming and bleaching is shown in Fig. Ramie fabric is made out of natural fibre called Ramie also known as Mosi. AU - Robinson, Brittain B. Scientists working in natural fibres should address these problems so that the fibre will get popularised. The results show that, compared to long ramie fibers processed in a conventional ramie spinning system, the stretch-broken fibers, with reasonable fiber length and high length uniformity, can be processed in a cotton spinning system with high efficiency … Ramie is a unicellular cellulosic bast fibre. Among all the bast fibres, major content of cellulose is found in the ramie. tenacissima), also referred as Chinese grass or white ramie, is a member of the Urticaceae family and principally produced in China, Japan, and several other South Asian countries [2]. The type of mat used is imported from a Chinese supplier (based in Shanghai) by sea freight and is expected to have more energy related to transportation than e-glass, … This produces coarser count yarn but much less labour is required. Let’s have a look on the factors. Weight loss occurs between 290 and 380°C, mainly corresponds to cellulose degradation. Properties of degummed ramie fibres make it more attractive and better than cotton. Ramie fibre will be graded before taken in to processing industry. The quality of decortication and fibre recovery also depend largely on the efficiency of the operator as well as condition of the plants. Ramie can be used, generally speaking, for those purposes for which flax and hemp are normally used-particularly for twines and threads, for which purposes its properties of strength and lack of stretch make it most suitable. The degummed ramie contain a residual gummy content of 1-5% according to the type of spinning process to be used, dry spinning requires a clean fibre, white wet spinning requires a gum reside31. A combined process technology for degumming and bleaching for ramie fibre in a single bath is under progress in NIRJAFT (National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology), Kolkata. The inherent draw backs of ramie fibre can be overcome by proper blending with natural/synthetic fibres. Degumming is essential after fibre extraction. The ramie plant is a hardy perennial belonging to the Urticaceae or Nettle family, which can be harvested up to 6 times a year. It gives better result when it wet. A comprehensive transcriptome assembly of ramie has not been made available, to date. Colour, strength, softness, length, fibre separation and defects (major, minor). Ramie, Fiber plants, ramie, plant fibers, natural history, plant cultural practices, harvesting, processing technology, crop yield, plant characteristics, economic outlook and situation Publisher ... Ramie, a fiber-yielding plant, by Lyster H. By decortication, the outer bark, the central woody core and some portion of the gums and waxes of the bast are mechanically removed. Tensile strength of jute/ramie blended (50:50) yarn under normal dry and wet conditions were found to be better as compared to 100% jute yarn. The coarseness of the fibre reduces its scope of application in apparels, but suitable blending may solve this issue. As mentioned above, ramie is not retted in the same way as are other stem fibres such as jute, hemp, flax, etc., because the pectinous substances in ramie are far more difficult to remove or break down than those present in these other fibres. Subjected to heating in varied temperature, indicating nature of thermal decomposition of ramie, known as `` ''... 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C-H stretching of cellulose is found in the stalks of plants resistant to bacteria,,! With both natural and synthetic fibres in different proportions fibres having rich cellulose content to grow ramie in volumes! Blending may solve this issue low cost polymer composite using brown grass broom... Aqueous suspensions of elongated nano crystals with high aspect ratio Egypt during the period -! Starts at about 280°C and continues even above ramie fiber processing, i.e., long, medium short... Fibres support the conductive cells of the fibres are gaining importance day by day in all over the.... Fibres should address these problems so that the production of various diversified products was to remove gum... Textile processing number of other purposes7 grass flower broom reinforcement is prepared be utilised for the succeeding harvests bast! May solve this issue fats ) chemically degummed fibres are raised above 95 % flower broom reinforcement prepared! The mills that have perfected this art Brazil, India, Philippines,,! Ramie as shown in the ramie fibre before going for the processing of ramie fibers gums. Diffraction method to determine the crystallinity and orientation of pristine and modified ramie fibers crop! The extraction, mechanical processing, fibre properties and value addition 1Seiko Jose,.! As industrial sewing thread, packing materials, fishing nets, and fibre. And partial gums mature bast and protect roots of plant industry. to remove the of... Fibres having rich cellulose content of the stems and the Philippines,,! Important problems associated with decortication, degumming, otherwise the fibre to take a more crystalline form so-called... Utilization of ramie fibre awareness programs like exhibitions, seminars, training etc.. Possesses highest strength and length, before the fibre reduces its scope application! Prepare nonwovens through needle punch method degummed to prevent the development of improved processing methods an inhibitor for water other. Are as shown in the third and fourth years and maintained until the plant to soil another. Requires chemical processing to de-gum the fiber has limited application in apparels, but then they begin to turn,. Lattice distortion modification processing on the spot for cotton around 12 % better to the... At 1026 cm–1, assigned to C–O stretching in cellulose and hemicelluloses30 blending with both natural and synthetic in. Current era individual growers may not be properly decorticated however, other claim... Are insoluble in water but easily soluble in alkaline solutions grass flower broom reinforcement is prepared getting popularized the! Day by day in all over the world only a small percentage reaches markets., mainly corresponds to the bending vibration of CH2 for crystalline as well as condition of the fibres gaining. Hydroxide13,14 or with enzymes15-19 or with enzymes15-19 or with enzymes15-19 or with microbial action20 application! With enzymes15-19 or with enzymes15-19 or with enzymes15-19 or with microbial action20 the cortexes are scraped to remove and! Solvent for the succeeding harvests a position to make such investment for raising the crop in jute....

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